About LCO Local Channels
As we all knows today is very much importance of local channels.Each and every subscriber want to have local channels because he want to be updated with his local city news as well as about the regional songs.These two are the main requirement for the subscribers. For a MSO it is very good thing that he can provide the local channels.Which covers most of subscribers of city.
But in some cases if MSO is not providing local channels then Local Cable Operator can also insert lco local channels with the permission of his MSO.One thing to keep in mind is that whatever content is providing by LCO on his local channel for that MSO would be responsible and all local channels must be encrypted on DAS (Digital Addressable System) network.
There are three ways to insert lco local channels in Headend
Reverse Transmission Technique
This is the easy way for a local cable operator to insert local channels in Digital Headend. For this the LCO needs to use Wavelength Division Multiplexing technique. LCO needs to purchase a WDM Transmitter. This transmitter can be used in fiber which LCO is getting from MSO side. In the same fiber the LCO can send back his local channels to headend at different wavelength.Thus this technique is called the reverse transmission technique. 
You can also use different fiber for sending back local channels to the MSO. At the MSO end we receive the local channels using the NODE on a particular frequency. Thus we received composite signal or Audio Video Signal. This composite signal goes as input to the Encoder at the digital headend. The benefit of using this technique is that you can scramble your local channels easily in this way.
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Local CAS Implementation
This is a bit complex way for insertion of LCO local channels in digital headend system.But it also provide the facility to scramble local channels that are provided by LCO. LCO need to use Local Encryption System, Encoder and multiplexer. MSO sends ECM EMM from headend to LCO point for the encryption of local channels. LCO provides the composite signal to encoder which encode the channels and gives multicast output which encrypted by local encryption system and then modulated by using multiplexer. 
The output of the multiplexer is mixed with the RF which LCO is getting directly from headend and RF signal gets ready for cable distribution system At MSO side he needs to do following changes in PSI/Si server,
- add new TS(Transport Stream)
- add the local channels Names,assign SID,Bouquet and LCN to channels
- Generate the NIT for New Transport Stream
Unencrypted Local Channels
This is the most widely used system for local cable operators for insertion of local channels in digital headend system.The drawback for this system is that local channels are not encrypted. At the LCO end LCO need to have encoder that can be MPEG2 or MPEG4. Also a QAM modulator to modulate the signal. 
The composite signal from local channels goes into the encoder and the output of the encoder goes into the QAM modulator. This QAM modulator modulate the channels on a particular frequency and gives RF output.The RF of this local QAM is mixed with the signal which LCO is receiving from headend. Again, At MSO side we needs to do following changes in PSI/Si server,
- add new TS (Transport Stream).
- add the local channels Names, assign SID, Bouquet and LCN to channels.
- Generate the NIT for New Transport Stream.
Keep in mind one thing the tuning frequency which we are using for this local QAM should be blank from Headend side. This is all about the how to Insert LCO Local Channels in Digital Headend System Or LCO Local Channels Insertions In Digital Headend.
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